훈련성과보고서
훈련자 인적사항 훈련내역	훈련과정	학위과정(MPA)	훈련기관	University of Missouri (Columbia)
	성 명	김선준	파견연도	2022년
	훈련과제	민간영역으로의 유니버설디자인 적용·확산 및 시민 공감대 형성방안 연구 (성공적인 유니버설 디자인을 추진해 온 선진국의 정책 환경과 한국이 나아가야 하는 방향은?)
보고 주제 (제목)	훈련성과보고서

1. 한글 요약본

□ 연구개요

1. 유니버설 디자인이란?

2. 연구문제 및 방법

3. 유니버설 디자인을 중요시하는 이슈(한국)

- 고령화, 양극화, 성장하는 국제화

4. 유니버설 디자인 글로벌 이슈: UN

5. 각 선진국의 유니버설 디자인 정책과 법률

6. 추천 사항(Recommendations)

1. UNIVERSAL DESIGN?

- 이 문은 누구나 들어갈 수 있습니까?

- 이 문은 어떻습니까?

- 이 곳은 미주리 주립 대학교 행정학과 건물 입구입니다.

- 휠체어를 탄 장애인 뿐아니라 자료를 잔뜩 든 교수, 추워서 손을 빼기 싫은 학생들이 쉽게 출입이 가능합니다.

- 이 곳은 미주리 콜롬시아 시내에 있는 한인교회의 화장실입니다.

- 외계인과 공룡도 이용이 가능하도록 설계되어 있네요.

- 이 문들의 공통점은 무엇입니까?

- 바로 “모두”가 이용 가능하도록 설계되어 있다는 것입니다.
“모두를 위한 디자인”. 이것이 유니버설 디자인입니다.

○ 유니버설 디자인 정의

- 유니버설 디자인은 1950년대의 무장애 디자인 개념에서 발전하여, 1970년 로널드 메이스 미국 노스캐롤라이나 주립대학 교수가 처음으로 제안한 것입니다. 1970년대 중반에는 장애인을 위한 특수 시설 설치와 공간 조성에 따른 추가 비용과 문제를 줄이려는 노력의 일환으로 시작되었습니다.

- 현재 유니버설 디자인은 장애인과 노인을 위한 디자인을 넘어, 나이, 성별, 국적, 장애 여부와 관계없이 누구나 공평하고 편리하게 사용할 수 있는 제품, 건축, 환경, 서비스, 도시 환경 및 사회 제도를 포함하는 폭넓은 개념을 가리킵니다.

- 유니버설 디자인의 궁극적인 목표는 이용 가능성을 기본으로 하고, 이용에 따르는 불편함을 최소화하며, 만족도를 높여 모든 사람이 사회에 적극적으로 참여할 수 있는 구조를 만드는 것입니다.

2. 연구질문 및 방법

○ 연구질문

- 본 연구는 “성공적인 유니버설 디자인을 추진해 온 선진국의 정책환경과 향후 한국이 나아가야 하는 정책방향은 무엇일까?”라는 질문에서 시작되었습니다.

○ 연구방법

- 연구 질문에 대한 답을 도출하기 위하여, 선진국의 정책환경, 즉, 각국의 유니버설 디자인의 역사, 법적 비법적 정책 수단, 정부와 학계의 노력 등을 연구방법으로 채택하여 조사 분석하였고,

- 전 세계적인 유니버설 디자인 정책의 흐름의 파악을 위해, UN, WHO의 고령화(인구조사) 및 장애에 대한 정의와 개념 변화를 조사하였습니다.

3. 유니버설 디자인을 중요시하는 이슈(한국)

① 양극화

○ 우리는 수시로 변화하는 다양성의 세계에서 살고 있고, 살아남기 위해서 이러한 다양성을 받아들이고 포용할 수 있는 마인드를 가지고 있어야 합니다.

○ 미국이 경제, 문화, 스포츠, 관광 등 여러 분야에서 최강국이 될 수 있었던 이유 중 하나로 "다름"을 "틀림"으로 생각하지 않는 다양성 존중의 문화일 것입니다. 내가 미국에 와서 놀랐던 것 중 하나가, 화장실이 장애인 뿐 아니라 노인, 임산부, 남녀 등 일반시민 모두가 같이 사용할 수 있게 만들어져 있고, 이것에 사람들이 크게 거부감을 느끼지 않는다는 것이었습니다. 이것이 일종의 유니버설 마인드라고 생각합니다.

○ 반면 현재 한국은 서로의 다름을 인정하지 않는 갈등 상황의 위기에 봉착해 있습니다. 특히, 세대간·당파간·성별간·빈부간·장애인과 비장애인 간 갈등 등 집단 간, 개인 간 갈등이 심화되고 있습니다.

○ 최근의 이슈는 장애인과 비장애인간 갈등입니다.

○ 사진에서 보듯이 최근 장애인들이 국가를 상대로 지하철에 적어도 1개 이상의 엘리베이터를 설치하여 장애인의 이동권을 보장하기 위한 예산을 확보해 달라며 지하철에서 시위를 벌이고 있습니다.

○ 언론에서는 이를 연일 보도하며 장애인들이 왜 시위를 하는지, 지하철에 장애인의 이동을 위한 시설 현황이 어떻게 되는지 보다는, 시위로 인해 일반 시민들의 출퇴근이 얼마나 힘든지에 더욱 강조하고 있습니다. 자연히 장애인과 비장애인 간 갈등이 조성됩니다.

○ 장애인의 이동권 보장은 비장애인 뿐 아닌 노인, 임산부, 유모차를 끄는 사람들 전체에게 이익입니다. 하지만 사람들은 이러한 것들을 “장애인” 등 사회적 약자만을 위한 시설이라고 생각합니다. 유니버설 마인드의 부재입니다.

② 초고령화

○ UN 세계인구고령화 통계에 따르면, 2017년 기준 60세 이상 인구는 2030년 56% 증가하고 2050년에는 21억 명으로 두 배 증가할 것으로 전망됩니다. 또한 미국, 영국, 프랑스, 싱가포르는 2030년대 초고령화가 예상됩니다.

○ 특히, 한국은 2025년 초고령화 사회에 진입할 예정입니다. 이는 곧 5명 중 1명이 노인이라는 뜻입니다. 이에 따라 우리는 사회에서 노인을 배제하지 않고 함께 살아갈 방법을 강구해야 합니다. 유니버설 디자인은 연령에도 상관없이 사용하기 편안한 제품 및 환경 디자인으로 고령화 사회의 대안이 될 수 있습니다.

③ 성장하는 국제화

○ 또 다른 이슈는 증가하는 국제화입니다. 서울은 점차 세계적인 도시가 되어가고 있습니다.

○ 2023년 4월까지 약 274만 명의 외국인이 한국에 입국하였으며, 이는 2022년 동기 대비 6배 증가한 수치입니다. 그러나 한국을 방문한 경험이 있는 외국인을 대상으로 조사한 설문조사 결과에 따르면, 가장 불편한 것 중 하나로 외국어 서비스, 안내문, 표지판 등 인프라가 부족한 것을 꼽았습니다. 특히 길 찾기가 너무 어렵다고 합니다. 외국인 재방문율은 40%도 채 안됩니다. (※ 주요 관광 대국의 재방문율: 50% 이상)

○ 미국은 프랑스에 이은 세계 2위의 관광대국으로 공공시설 및 도로환경, 교통시스템, 건축 및 주거환경, 문화시설 및 관광명소 등 여러 도시행정 분야에 외국인도 편리하게 이용할 수 있는 유니버설 디자인을 접목시켜 왔습니다. 한국도 유니버설 마인드와 디자인을 벤치마킹할 필요가 있습니다.

○ 이와 같이 한국이 양극화와 초고령화와 같은 사회적 도전에 직면하고 있을 때, 유니버설 디자인은 포용적인 사회를 구축하는 데 중요한 역할을 할 수 있습니다. 또한, 서울이 세계 도시로서 발전하고, 관광도시로서 글로벌화되는 과정에서 더욱 중요한 역할을 할 것입니다.

4. 유니버설 디자인 글로벌 이슈: UN

① 장애 개념의 확대

○ 유엔장애인권리협약에 따르면, 장애의 개념은 “신체적 영역뿐만 아니라 정보, 서비스, 사회적 참여 영역으로 확대” 되었습니다.

② 노화 (Ageing)

○ UN 고령화 보고서에 따르면, 노인 정책의 패러다임은 기존의 고용 중심의 전략에서 적극적인 사회 참여로 변화하였습니다.

③ 지속 가능한 개발

○ 유엔은 2015년부터 2030년까지 “지속가능한 개발 목표”를 제시하면서 “단 한 명도 소외되지 않는다”를 성공의 핵심 고려 사항으로 설정했습니다.

○ 이는 유니버설 디자인이 목표로 하는 사회적 포용이라는 주요 가치와 맥락을 같이 합니다.

5. 각 선진국의 유니버설 디자인 정책 환경과 특징

① 미국

○ 미국에서는 1960년대 민권 운동과 1990년 미국 장애인법을 중심으로 유니버설 디자인 정책이 전개되었습니다.

○ 초기에는 건축 환경 접근성에 중점을 두었으나, 이후 교육, 고용, ICT 등 다양한 분야로 확대되었습니다.

○ 미국은 뛰어난 연구를 기반으로 다양한 법적 규정을 마련하여 유니버설 디자인의 발전을 주도한 것이 큰 특징입니다.

② 노르웨이

○ 노르웨이는 전통적인 사회복지 국가로서 지방정부와 민간에 자금, 지식, 네트워킹을 제공하는 하향식 정책을 수립했습니다.

○ 2009년에 성공적인 국가 행동 계획으로 평가받는 "2025년 유니버설 디자인으로 설계된 노르웨이"를 마련하면서, 유니버설 디자인은 사회 전반에 걸쳐 필수적인 요소로 자리잡았습니다.

○ 노르웨이는 중앙정부 주도의 강력한 행동 계획을 장기적인 관점에서 수립하여, 지방자치단체, 산업계, 이해집단이 협력하여 사회 전반에 유니버설 디자인을 확산시키고 있습니다.

③ 일본

○ 일본은 2005년 세계에서 가장 빠르게 초고령화 사회로 진입한 국가로, 고령화 관련 연구와 유니버설 디자인을 접목한 정책 개발에 많은 노력을 기울여왔습니다.

○ 1994년 하트빌딩법을 통해 배리어프리를 중심으로 정책이 전개되었으며, 2005년에는 유니버설 디자인 국민행동계획이 발표되었다. 일본은 다양한 시민들이 정책에 참여할 수 있는 기반을 마련하고자 노력했습니다.

④ 한국

○ 한국은 비교적 역사가 짧지만, 공공부문을 중심으로 유니버설 디자인을 반영한 정책을 추진하기 위해 노력해 왔습니다.

○ 유니버설 디자인은 1997년 장애인의 권익을 위한 법률 제정을 중심으로 발전하였으며, 이후 노인, 임산부 등 다양한 이용자층을 대상으로 하는 법률에 유니버설 디자인 개념이 포함되었습니다 서울시를 비롯한 지방자치단체 주도로 발전해온 점이 특징입니다.

6. 추천 사항(Recommendations)

○ 세계적인 인구통계 추이와, 장애 개념의 변화 등 패러다임 변화와 선진국의 정책과 특징들을 분석한 결과를 바탕으로 한국 정부에 4가지 실천방안을 권고하고자 합니다.

① 초고령화와 지속가능성을 위한 지원에 집중

○ 우리나라는 유니버설 디자인이 주로 장애인을 중심으로 발전해 왔기 때문에 초고령화에 대한 정책적 대비가 매우 부족한 상황입니다. 따라서 다양한 국가 정책에 초고령화 시대를 대비한 유니버설 디자인 비전을 반영할 필요가 있습니다.

○ 또한, 장애는 의료 모델을 기반으로 좁게 정의되어 왔습니다. 이제는 사회참여를 동등하게 보장하는 차원에서 장애를 통합 모델로 전환할 필요가 있습니다. 이러한 변화는 더 많은 사람들이 다양한 분야에 접근하여 교육을 받고 취업할 수 있도록 하여, 사회에 기여하는 지속 가능한 발전을 가능하게 할 것입니다.

② 정부 주도의 행동 계획을 수립

○ 정부의 행동 계획은 유니버설 디자인을 효과적으로 실행하기 위한 중요한 촉매제가 됩니다. 무엇보다 정부 각 부처의 조치가 얼마나 효율적으로 운영되고 있으며, 어떠한 개선이 이루어졌는지를 평가할 수 있는 평가지표를 개발해야 합니다. 그리고 평가 결과를 대중에게 공개해야 합니다.

③ 연구 개발 지원

○ 전 세계적으로 접근성 개념에 큰 영향을 미친 1990년 ADA는 1970년대 정부의 지원을 받아 민간 연구를 기반으로 제정되었습니다.

○ 이러한 성공사례와 마찬가지로 미래 위기 대응을 위한 유니버설 디자인(Universal Design) 표준 및 정책 수립을 위한 연구개발을 정부가 전폭적으로 지원할 필요가 있습니다.

④ 다양성 교육에 투자

○ 유니버설 디자인 정책 성공의 핵심 요소 중 하나는 자신과 타인의 차이에 대한 포용과 존중입니다.

○ 한국은 지난 수십 년간 경제개발에만 집중하여 많은 부작용을 낳았습니다. 어렸을 때 경쟁에서 살아남고 성공하려면 남을 이겨야 한다고 생각했습니다. 이처럼 국내에서는 차이 존중과 다양성 관리에 대한 교육이 미흡하였습니다.

○ 한국 속담에 "곡물을 한 번 심으면 한 개를 수확하고, 나무를 한 번 심으면 열 배를 수확하고, 사람을 한 번 심으면 백 배를 수확한다" 는 말이 있습니다. 이는 사람들을 위한 교육이 장기적인 투자이며 중요하다는 것을 의미합니다.

○ 다양성은 변화와 지속가능한 성장의 동기가 될 수 있습니다. 교육을 통해 다양성에 대한 대중의 인식이 긍정적으로 바뀌어야만 '모두가 참여할 수 있는 환경'인 유니버설 디자인의 궁극적인 목표가 실현될 수 있을 것입니다.

2. 영문 원본

Universal Design

Seonjun Kim

Harry S Truman School of Government and Public Affairs

University of Missouri-Columbia

CONTENTS

RESEARCH QUESTION & BACKGROUND	3

LITERATURE REVIEW	5

Definition	5

The Seven Principles	6

Universal Design Organization (United States)	13

Policy and laws by Country	19

1. United States of America	19

2. Norway	25

3. Japan	26

4. Korea	28

Policy & Laws by Country (Summary)	35

Global environmental changes and major issues related to universal design	38

UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and WHO's Change in Disability Concepts	38

Super-Aging Population and Sustainability	39

Recommendations for the Future Direction of Universal Design Policy	41

The direction of the policy stance	41

The direction of policy measures	42

Education	44

References	47

RESEARCH QUESTION & BACKGROUND

What legal content and policy environment in the United States promoted a Universal Design successful? We live in a world of changing diversity. To survive, we must develop the ability to understand and accept people and environments from diverse backgrounds. These competencies not only lead to national competitiveness but also play a fundamental role in creating a more livable society where people understand and care for each other(Crouch&Ritchie, 1999).

As part of the effort to create a society that embraces and lives together, Universal Design is a "design that creates products and environments that anyone can easily use regardless of gender, age, nationality, cultural background, and disability(Steinfeld & Maisel, 2012)." That's why the universal design is called the "Design for All." Examples are the ramps at the entrance of buildings and the panic bars that open the doors by pressing them at emergency exits. The panic bars are a universal design that everyone can use easily, from the elderly and the weak to the disabled who have difficulty walking or using their bodies, to adults who temporarily have physical difficulty using their bodies because they carry luggage.

Universal design began and has been developing in the United States. The reason why universal design was created in the United States is because of the cultural characteristics of the United States. One characteristic that represents American culture is that it is a culture of respect for diversity that does not consider "different" as "wrong". In the United States, various attempts and efforts have been made by the state and private academia to implement inclusive policies for not only the disabled, but also non-disabled, children, and the elderly in all areas of society, culture, politics, and economy based on citizens' perception of respect for diversity(Wolbring & Lillywhite, 2021).

A country's universal design policy may differ not only in its citizens' perception of diversity but also in its political and social situations. Korea will enter an ultra-aging society in 2025(Statistics Korea, 2022 statistics on senior citizens). This means that one out of every five Koreans will be an elderly person. Therefore, we must figure out a way to live together without excluding the elderly from society. Universal design can be an alternative for an aging society with its comfortable products and environmental designs for all ages.

Seoul, the capital of Korea, is rapidly globalizing, with the number of foreign residents and tourists gradually increasing. About 2.74 million foreigners entered Korea by April 2023, a six-times increase from the same period in 2022. However, information signs and convenient facilities for foreigners are still insufficient. The U.S. is the world's second-largest tourist destination after France and has applied universal design to various urban administration areas including public facilities and road environment, transportation systems, architectural and residential environment, cultural facilities, and tourist attractions(Glaesser et al., 2017). Korea also needs to benchmark its universal mind and design.

Specifically, this study aims to provide answers to research questions such as how universal design policies in the United States and Korea have developed, what implications can be derived from a comparative analysis of universal design policies and policy environments in each country, and what are the main directions to be considered in future universal design policies. Through these answers, it is expected that the essential characteristics of universal design policies can be understood and will further help establish long-term and macroscopic universal design policy directions.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Definition

Universal design started with the concept of barrier-free design in the 1950s. First proposed by Ronald Mace, a professor at North Carolina State University in the U.S. in 1970, Universal Design means "design for everyone." It began in the mid-1970s in the U.S. as part of an effort to reduce additional costs and problems caused by the installation of special facilities and the creation of spaces for the disabled. Currently, it goes beyond the concept of design for the disabled and the elderly. It refers to a wide range of designs, including products, architecture, environment, services, urban environment, and social systems that are fair and easy to use for anyone, regardless of age, gender, nationality, and the presence or absence of disabilities(Hamraie, 2017). According to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) in 2006, “Universal Design” means the design of products, environments, programmes and services to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design (Article 2 Definitions, 4p).

Barrier-free (BF) is a little different. It is a concept that focuses on wheelchair users and the visually impaired and a concept that allows everyone to work and live comfortably and safely by freeing physical, psychological, and institutional barriers that exist throughout society(Guimaraes, 1990).

Words similar in use to Universal Design include "Design For All" and "Inclusive Design." There is no clear difference in meaning. Barrier-free (BF) is a little different. The concept focuses on wheelchair users and the visually impaired, and the concept is to allow everyone to operate and live comfortably and safely by removing physical, psychological, and institutional barriers that exist throughout society.

The Seven Principles

(By the Center for Universal Design, North Carolina State University, 1997)

Principle 1: Equitable Use

– The design is useful and marketable to people with diverse abilities.

– Provides the same means of use for all users, which encourages inclusion and lessens stigma.

• In other words, designs should appeal to diverse populations and offer everyone a comparable and nonstigmatizing way to participate.

• Example: The water play area in a children’s museum(Fig. 1), one gently sloped entrance (used by everyone) vs. a ramp and stairs (segregates users).

Figure 1. The water play area in a children’s museum simulates a meandering brook and invites enjoyment for everyone in and around the water. It is appealing to and usable by people who are short or tall, young children or older adults.

Principle 2: Flexibility in Use

– The design accommodates a wide range of individual preferences and abilities.

– Accommodates all by offering choices for users.

• In other words, designs should provide for multiple ways of doing things. Adaptability is one way to make designs universally usable.

• Example: A medical examination table, An adjustable desk

Figure 2. A medical examination table that adjusts in height can be lowered so that it is easier for the patient to get onto and off of the table; it can also be raised so that it is easier for the health care

Principle 3: Simple and Intuitive Use

– Use of the design is easy to understand, regardless of the user’s experience, knowledge, language skills, or current concentration level.

– Eschews complexity while ensuring all users can understand how to use or operate.

• In other words, make designs work in expected ways

• Example: The prototype electronic thermostat, pictograms in place of written information

Figure. 3 The prototype electronic thermostat designed at the Center for Universal Design provides information in visual, audible, and tactile formats. The functions are clearly laid out and labeled; readouts are provided in both digital format (visible) and analog format (visible and tactile); and the thermostat’s voice output (audible) helps users know what is happening when they push the buttons. For example, when the user presses one of the directional keys, which has a raised tactile arrow, the thermostat announces “72 degrees.” If the user keeps the down-pointing arrow depressed, the thermostat will count down: “71, 70, 69, 68, . . .” When the user lets go, the thermostat repeats “68 degrees.” The other control buttons would also trigger the thermostat to speak.

Principle 4: Perceptible Information

– The design communicates necessary information to the user, regardless of ambient conditions or the user’s sensory abilities.

– Allows all users to access information, regardless of ability, experience, or literacy.

• In other words, designs should provide for multiple modes of output

• Example: The subway fare machine, a talking microwave

Figure 4. The subway fare machine provides tactile lettering in all-capital letters, which is easier to feel with the fingertips, and high-contrast printed lettering in capital and lowercase letters, which is easier to see with low vision. The fare machine also offers a push button for selecting instructions to be presented audibly for users with vision impairments. Redundant audible feedback is also helpful for people with disabilities that affect cognitive processing.

Principle 5: Tolerance for Error

– The design minimizes hazards and the adverse consequences of accidental or unintended actions.

– Minimizes hazards and the consequences of mistakes.

• In other words, designs should make it difficult for users to make a mistake; but if users do, the error should not result in injury to the person or the product

• Example: The dead-man switch, a door that shuts slowly.

Figure 5. The dead-man switch, activated by a secondary bar that runs parallel to the handle of some power lawn mowers, requires the user to squeeze the bar and the handle together to make the mower blade spin. If the two are not held together, the blade stops turning.

Principle 6: Low Physical Effort

– The design can be used efficiently and comfortably and with a minimum of fatigue.

– Requires little effort to use.

• In other words, designs should minimize strain and overexertion.

• Example: A microphone and voice recognition software on a computer, a lamp that can be turned on by just a touch (rather than twisting a knob)

Figure 6. A microphone and voice recognition software on a computer eliminate the need for highly repetitive keystrokes or manual actions of any kind. This feature accommodates disabilities of the hand and also reduces repetitive stress injuries to the hand.

Principle 7: Size and Space for Approach and Use

– Appropriate size and space is provided for approach, reach, manipulation, and use regardless of the user’s body size, posture, or mobility.

– Provides easily navigable space and allows all users to reach and manipulate objects.

• In other words, designs should accommodate variety in people’s body sizes and ranges of motion.

• Example: Reception desks that have counters at multiple heights

Figure 7. Reception desks that have counters at multiple heights, for example, 28-in. high for sitting and 36-in. high for standing, accommodate people of varying heights, postures, and preferences.

Universal Design Organization (United States)

The Center for Universal Design (CUD) at North Carolina State University

○ Overview

- The University of North Carolina Universal Design Center (CUD) was founded in 1997 as a research, information and technology support center focused on the development, promotion and implementation of universal design in architectural environments, products and information technology, and is one of the oldest and most well-known universal design centers in the United States, but is currently inactive due to funding issues

○ Activities

- CUD's mission is to promote universal design in design education, research, and practice to improve the environment, products, and information technology built for the benefit of people of all ages and abilities

▸ Research:
CUD conducts research on universal design and accessibility with a focus on understanding the needs and preferences of people with disabilities and the elderly in built environments

▸ Education:
Provides education and training in universal design to design experts, researchers, educators, and students

▸ Technical Assistance:
Provides technical support to design experts, manufacturers, and government agencies on how to implement universal design work

▸ Promotions :
Promote Universal Design through publications, presentations, and exhibitions

- CUD has developed seven principles of universal design (fair use, flexibility in use, simple and intuitive use, perceptible information, tolerance to errors, low physical effort, size and empathy for access and use) that are widely used as guidelines for the design of products, environments, and communications

The Center for Inclusive Design and Environmental Access (IDeA) at the University at Buffalo

○ Overview

- The University of Buffalo's Center for Comprehensive Design and Environmental Access (IDeA) is a research center focused on the design and accessibility of the environment built for the disabled

- IDeA conducts interdisciplinary research, education, and outreach to promote the principles of comprehensive design and environmental accessibility for all people, regardless of competence

○ Activities

- Founded in 2001, the center is part of the University at Buffalo's School of Architecture and Planning and conducts research on a wide range of topics related to inclusive design and environmental tangibility, including universal design, auxiliary technology, transportation accessibility, and urban design

- The activities of the Center include research, education, and volunteer activities, developing new knowledge and methods for comprehensive design and environmental accessibility, and conducting research to improve the design of the built environment for the disabled

- Provide students, professionals, and the public with instruction and training on comprehensive design and environmental access, and outreach to organizations, institutions, and the public on comprehensive design and environmental access, which may include technical support, consultation, and information distribution

The National Council on Independent Living (NCIL)

○ Overview

- The National Council on Independent Living (NCIL) is a member organization that represents the collective voice of the American independent living movement and is tasked with developing an independent life philosophy that emphasizes disabled people's right to choose and control their lives and participate fully in society

- Founded in 1982, it consists of disabled people, independent living centers (CILs), statewide independent living councils (SILCs) and other organizations promoting independent living philosophy. Members of the organization are individuals with disabilities, including people with physical, sensory, cognitive and mental health disorders

○ Activities

- Advocacy of public policy, education and training, technical support and dissemination of information, and capacity building for members are the main activities. Like independent living centers, they work to promote the development and expansion of independent living services and programs and to increase access to assistive technologies and other support services

The Accessible Technology Coalition (ATC)

○ Overview

- The Association of Accessible Technologies (ATC) is a non-profit organization that encourages the use of accessible technology for people with disabilities and is a coalition of organizations, individuals, and businesses that work together to make technology accessible to everyone, regardless of their ability

- The organization's goal is to ensure that people with disabilities have equal access to Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and that technology is designed with accessibility in mind

- Founded in 2011, it includes representatives from the disabled community, government, industry, and academia

○ Activities

- Its primary activities include advocacy, education and training, research and development, and it aims to raise awareness of the importance of accessible technologies, promote the development and use of accessible technology standards and guidelines, and provide resources for organizations and individuals to understand and implement accessible technologies

The Universal Design Alliance (UDA)

○ Overview

- The Universal Design Union (UDA) is an international organization that promotes the design of products, environments, and services that are accessible and comprehensive to all, regardless of their capabilities

- The organization's mission is to promote understanding and use of Universal Design, a design approach that takes into account the needs of everyone, including people with functional limitations such as the disabled and the elderly

- Founded in 2000, the group consists of various individuals and organizations in design, architecture, engineering, product development, education and research. Members include designers, architects, engineers, product developers, researchers, educators, individuals with disabilities, and the elderly

○ Activities

- Education and training, R&D and advocacy are the main activities, and we strive to promote understanding and use of Universal Design by training on Universal Design principles and techniques and R&D on Universal Design solutions

- Provide resources such as guidance and best practices to help organizations and individuals understand and implement general-purpose designs, and conduct research and development to explore new and emerging technologies that can improve accessibility for people with disabilities

Adaptive Environments(AE)

○ Overview

- Adaptation Environment (AE) is a non-profit organization that promotes the design of accessible and comprehensive environments for people with disabilities and its mission is to improve the design and accessibility of built environments for people with disabilities through education, research, and advocacy

- Founded in 1977 and based in Boston, Massachusetts

○ Activities

- AE provides education to design experts, persons with disabilities and the general public on comprehensive design and accessibility issues, and conducts research to improve the design of built environments for persons with disabilities and promote understanding and use of comprehensive design principles

- Advocate the use of comprehensive design principles in policy and practice, strive to raise awareness of the benefits of comprehensive design for everyone, and provide resources such as guidance and best practices

- AE works with a wide range of partners, including government agencies, nonprofits, and private companies, to promote accessible design and improve the environment built for the disabled

The National Resource Center on Supportive Housing and Home Modification

○ Overview

- National Resource on Supportive Housing and Home Modification (NRC) provides information, resources, and baseline support to organizations, organizations, and individuals working to increase the availability of supportive housing and home improvement options for the elderly and disabled

○ Activities

- Funded by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), the University of Southern California (USC) operates in collaboration with several other organizations

- The NRC's goal is to ensure that the elderly and disabled have access to safe, affordable and accessible housing that supports their independence and well-being, which is achieved by providing education and technical support, developing and disseminating information and resources, and promoting best practices in the areas of supportive housing and home improvement

Policy and laws by Country

Recently, policies related to universal design have been actively established in various countries, including the United States and Korea. In general, universal design policies should be implemented step by step from a long-term perspective because they affect various social areas such as transportation, housing, education, and culture, and various design areas such as architecture, products, information, communication design, and services. In addition, universal design policies have evolving properties under the influence of domestic and foreign environments such as society and culture, law, politics, and technology. In other words, it may differ depending on the underlying theory and value implied in the policy, the political and social situation in which the country is facing, and the history of past policy development.

In order to understand these organic characteristics of universal design policies, the development, main contents, and characteristics of universal design policies by country in the United States and Korea were examined. We also looked at the policies of the United Kingdom, Norway, and Japan, where universal design policies were developed.

1. United States of America

The United States played a big role in the process of establishing and later developing the concept of universal design. In particular, Ronald Mays and Timothy Nugent drew historically influential research results that laid the foundation for policies related to universal design and accessibility. Ronald Mays advocated the definition of universal design. In 1997, the Center for Universal Design at North Carolina State University established seven principles of universal design, which are still considered one of the representative universal design principles, based on collaboration between Ronald Mays and other architects, product designers, engineers, and environmental design researchers. In addition, Timothy Nugent of the University of Illinois led the research on the development of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard A117.1, which was developed for universal design in offices, public buildings, sidewalks, theaters, stadiums, train stations, kitchens, and homes with an emphasis on accessibility for people with disabilities (Stamm, 2015). This study of the accessibility of people with disabilities was also a result of reflecting the social repayment of the United States at the time when the number of people with disabilities was severe due to Vietnam's participation in the war. A117.1 is the world's first standard for accessibility for people with disabilities, and has been referenced in the development of accessibility standards in various countries since it was published in the early 1960s, and has been constantly updated and is currently using the "2017 ICC A117.1 Accessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities" as the latest standard. ICC A117.1-2017 (ANSI A117.1) issued by the International Code Council (ICC) is consistent with the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)'s Fair Housing Accessibility Guidelines and is compatible with building codes(Kelechava, 2017).

In addition, the Institute for Human-Centered Design (IHCD), which was called Adaptive Environments (AE) when it was established in 1978, has been a leading U.S. and global organization related to Universal Design and Inclusive Design since the 1990s and is one of the five organizations that participated in the development of the seven principles of Universal Design at the Universal Design Center of North Carolina State University in 1997. Recently, IHCD has focused on Human Centered Design from a perspective that places more importance on the value of human diversity and uses the term Inclusive Design instead of the term Universal Design and provides consulting, user research, and design services on the architectural environment, products, and services (IHCD, 2022).

In chronological order, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, a comprehensive anti-discrimination law, stipulates that racial discrimination in public places was outlawed, employers provided equal employment opportunities, and that uniform standards should take precedence to establish voting rights (The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 2022). In the United States, race-based civil rights legislation and indiscriminate elections and housing were promoted in opposition to racial segregation in education, which led to the disabled rights movement in the 1970s (Preiser & Smith, 2010). Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, enacted in 1973, was the first disabled civil rights law enacted in the United States, setting the stage for the enactment of the U.S. ADA. The law prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in federally funded programs and works with the Americans with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) to protect children and adults with disabilities from being excluded or treated unfairly in schools, workplaces, and communities (DREDF, 2022).

In particular, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) in 1990, which has played a major role in universal design-related policies in the United States, is a law developed based on the Civil Rights Act and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act and is evaluated as a Bill of Rights related to the Prohibition of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities. This has led to a great interest in the concept of accessibility around the world and is considered a sample of legislation based on disability. Korea's Act On The Prohibition Of Discrimination Against Persons with Disabilities Of Their Rights, enacted in 2007, was also influenced by the ADA. ADA aims to ensure that persons with disabilities have the same rights and opportunities as everyone else, and is a civil rights law that prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities in all areas of public life, including jobs, schools, transportation, and all public and private places open to the general public. In 2006, the law was revised to modify the concept of disability (Mid-Atlantic ADA Center, 2017). The 2004 ADA-ABA Accessibility Guideline is an integrated revision of the 'ADA' and the 'Architectural Barriers Act of 1968, ABA' and is an internationally representative national standard for barrier-free architecture (Lee, Chol, and Lee, 2010).

In addition, Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act states that the federal government is obligated to procure IT products and services such as software, hardware, and the web accessible to the disabled and that alternative methods should be prepared to enable them to use the same products or services if such IT products or services are not available (Ikeda, 2004), Article 508 of the Rehabilitation Act, revised in 2017, was revised to harmonize with market trends and the latest technologies. It was linked to WCAG 2.0 of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and Article 255 of the Telecommunications Act and changed to create a greater market for accessibility solutions in conjunction with EN 301 549, the European Commission's ICT standard (The U.S. General Services Administration, 2022).

Table 1. Timeline of major events related to universal design policy in the US

Year	Description	Content
1960	A Study on the Development of ANSI Standards A117.1 at the University of Illinois(Timothy Nusent)	Development of the world's first standards for accessibility to persons with disabilities
1961	ANSI A117.1 Accessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities	Focus on accessibility for people with disabilities Vietnam War Raises Number of Disabled Persons Reference when developing standards for accessibility in different countries Currently, "2017 ICC A117.1 Accessible and Available Buildings and Facilities" is used as the latest standard
1964	Civil Rights Act	leading to the disability rights movement of the 1970s
1968	Architectural Barriers Act (ABA)	National Standards for Barrier free architecture
1973	Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act	America's First Act on the Civil Rights of Persons with Disabilities Laying the groundwork for the enactment of ADA and other laws related to the disabled
1973	Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act	State the obligation to procure IT products and services, such as software, hardware and the Web, accessible to persons with disabilities in the federal government
1990	Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)	Evaluation of the Bill of Rights related to the Prohibition of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities
1990	Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. (IDEA)	Big increase in budgets for special education
1997	7 Principles of Universal Design by the Center for Universal Design, North Carolina State University(Ronald L. Mace)	It is still considered one of the most representative universal design principles
2004	ADA-ABA Accessibility Guideline	The national standard of barrier-free architecture, which is an integrated revision of 'ADA' and 'ABA(1968)', is also representative internationally
2017	2017 ICC A117.1 Accessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities	It is consistent with the Fair Housing Accessibility Guidelines of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and is compatible with building codes

As such, in the United States, universal design policies developed around the civil rights movement in the 1960s and the Americans with Disabilities Act in 1990, and initially developed around access to the architectural environment, but later expanded to areas such as education, employment, culture, and ICT. The United States did not have a central government-based action plan related to universal design, but its main feature is that it led the development of universal design by establishing various legal regulations and legal and illegal standards and guidelines based on excellent research.

2. Norway

Norway has established a government-centered approach to applying universal design as an essential component of national policy through various policies, including the "Norway universally designed by 2025" in terms of being a traditional social welfare state. In addition, there is strong support in a top-down manner in which the government provides funding, knowledge, and networking related to universal design (Tunstrom & Lofving, 2020).

Norway promoted the universal design policy by supporting and encouraging local governments' universal design policy led by the state, and in 1997, the Norwegian government launched the disabled policy and established a national plan to actively participate in the city sector for the first time in action plans for the disabled (Lund, E. G., & Brinka, O. R., 2016). In 1999, the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development, and the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs collaborated to launch "Planning for All", which was significant in that it involved users who would use the design from the early stages of the plan and consequently increased the participation rate of the disabled.

Later, in 2009, Norway established the Norwegian Universal Design Action Plan 2025, which is evaluated as a successful government-led action plan. Based on its vision to create an environment that is highly accessible to all citizens and its goal to take both equal and sustainability policies to the next level, the Norwegian government utilized various policy tools for the development of the entire social sphere, public and private sectors at all levels. This is to support the implementation of new laws related to the Anti-Discrimination and Accessibility Act, Planning and Building Act, and Universal Design, and is designed to meet Norway's obligations in connection with its ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (The Norwegian Society of Children and Equality, 2009).

As such, Norway has established a strong central government-centered action plan from a long-term perspective to develop universal design throughout society by cooperating with local governments, industry, and interest groups.

3. Japan

As Japan is the fastest country in the world to enter an ultra-aging society in 2005, it has been striving to research aging and develop policies related to universal design to cope with this. In particular, since 1997, both the government and companies have developed by considering not only the social benefits of universal design but also the economic benefits of universal design in response to the trend of population aging (Kose, 2001).

In addition, as a result of Japan leading the discussion that a new business-oriented organization should be formed at the International Conference on Universal Design held in Yokohama in 2002, the International Association of Universal Design (IAUD) was established in 2003 (Ostroff, 2010). The association has held a total of eight International Conferences for Universal Design, and has consistently held the IAUD International Design Award from 2012 to 2022. IAUD aimed to solve complex universal design problems that cannot be solved by individual companies or individual industries through collaboration between industry, government, and academia, it had 135 corporate members in October 2004 and operated seven committees related to thematic research, project development, and spread of results from April 2004 (IAUD, 2019). In addition, intending to develop human resources, IAUD operates a Universal Design Certification Test for manufacturers, service companies, and urban designers to help them understand universal design and user diversity.

In addition to the industry-centered efforts to apply universal design to product design, Japan enacted the “Act on Promotion of Buildings” (Heart Building Act) enacted in 1994 and the “Act on Promotion of Public Transportation Infrastructure” enacted in 2000 to expand the concept of universal design to the architectural environment and city.

In July 2005, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport (MLIT) announced a Universal Design Policy outline aimed at converting the existing Heart Building Act and the Barrier Free Act and changing the entire village into a universal design environment where everyone can live. In 2007, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport submitted the Universal Design Act to the National Assembly based on the Universal Design Policy outline (Kodaira, 2006). The Universal Design Policy outline includes measures to promote citizen participation as well as improvement of the physical environment to build a living environment based on the ideology of Universal Design (Kim, 2019). The Universal Design Policy outline sought to establish a framework for the participation of various stakeholders, especially the participation of various citizens including the disabled and children.

In 2006, the Heart Building Act and the Barrier Free Act were merged into one to enact the "Act on Promotion of Facilitation of the Movement of the Elderly and the Disabled" (Barrier Free New Act). The "Barrier Free New Act" allowed the existing laws, which were divided into buildings and transportation facilities, to be integrated and operated into one, and accordingly, all public transportation operators in Japan must comply with legal standards when establishing or improving passenger facilities or introducing new vehicles (Jin, 2020).

In addition, Japanese local governments actively introduced universal design to cope with low birth rates, aging, normalization, internationalization, and informatization, and many Japanese local governments introduced universal design, including Shizuoka Universal Design in Shizuoka Prefecture in 2010 and Kumamoto Prefecture's UD promotion policy in 2000 (Ko, 2009).

As such, Japan has actively developed universal design policies centered on barrier-free and research in preparation for an ultra-aging society, and since the early 2000s, industry participation has been made in consideration of the social and economic benefits of universal design.

4. Korea

In the case of Korea, the history of universal design is relatively short compared to the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan, which are leading countries in universal design, but efforts have been made to reflect universal design in policies centered on the public domain. In Korea, a universal design developed around the enactment of laws for the rights and interests of the disabled, and since then, the concept of universal design has been reflected in laws targeting various user groups such as the disabled, the elderly, and pregnant women, expanding its application area.

In a broad sense, Korea's universal design-related laws include "Act on Welfare of Persons with Disabilities", "Act On The Guarantee Of Convenience Promotion Of Persons With Disabilities, Senior Citizens, Pregnant Women, And Nursing Mothers", "Act On The Prohibition Of Discrimination Against Persons With Disabilities And Remedy Against Infringement Of Their Rights", "Pedestrian Safety And Convenience Enhancement Act", "Act On Promotion Of The Transportation Convenience Of Mobility Disadvantaged Persons", "Public Design Promotion Act", and "Act On The Support For Housing Disadvantaged Persons Including Persons With Disabilities And The Aged".

In a full-fledged sense, the Universal Design-related law is Act On The Guarantee Of Convenience Promotion Of Persons With Disabilities, Senior Citizens, Pregnant Women, And Nursing Mothers. Based on this law and “Act On Promotion Of The Transportation Convenience Of Mobility Disadvantaged Persons”, the Barrier-free Living Environment Certification System (BF Certification) was introduced in 2003. This is a system that evaluates and certifies the planning, design, and construction of designated facilities to promote the construction and creation of living environments that are not inconvenient for children, the elderly, disabled, and pregnant women, as well as temporary disabilities to access, use, and move cities, transportation, and buildings. Since 2015, it has been mandatory to obtain BF certification for public buildings and public facilities newly built by the state and local governments (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, 2008).

In addition, the "National Comprehensive Five-Year Plan for Convenience Promotion" has been steadily implemented every five years since 2000 based on the "Act On The Guardians Of Conviction Promotion With Disabilities, Senior Citizens, and Pregnant Women And Nothing Mothers." The 4th Comprehensive Five-Year Plan for Promotion of Convenience aims to expand facilities above the legal standard by strengthening the confirmation of suitability under the relevant laws and spreading the barrier-free living environment certification system. In terms of implementing universal design, Korea did not have a central government-centered Universal Design action plan such as Norway and Japan, but since 2008, many local governments have actively enacted Universal Design-related ordinances and established Universal Design guidelines.

In 2020, the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism provided an "integrated ordinance on the promotion of public design" to local governments. Through this, matters related to public design, general-purpose design, and crime prevention urban environmental design are not classified by field, but integrated into one ordinance, making it possible to operate the Universal Design Ordinance, which has been operated by local governments, as an integrated ordinance for public design under the Public Design Act (Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism, 2020).

In addition, the Framework Act on National Informatization was completely reorganized into the Framework Act on Intelligent Informatization in May 2020, and the Framework Act on Intelligent Informatization includes "guaranteeing access to and use of intelligent information services for the disabled and the elderly," focusing on websites and application software installed on mobile communication terminal devices (Ministry of Science and ICT, 2021). In addition, the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism announced the "Medium-to-long-term plan (2019-2023) for the promotion of museums and art galleries" in 2019, and among the five strategies, "museums and art galleries enjoyed by all" include detailed implementations such as installing and remodeling convenience facilities for the disabled, improving accessibility to vulnerable groups who enjoy culture, and expanding programs for the vulnerable groups.

Recently, the Framework Act on Universal Design was proposed by the National Assembly in January 2022 after continuing discussions on the necessity of the Framework Act on Universal Design. A series of major events related to Universal Design in Korea are shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Timeline of major events related to the Universal Design Policy in Korea

Year	Description	Content
1989	Act on Welfare of Persons with Disabilities	Clarification of responsibilities of the State, local governments, etc. in relation to measures for persons with disabilities
1997	Act on the Promotion of Convenience of Persons with Disabilities, the Elderly and Pregnant Women	the first universal design legislation To ensure that persons with disabilities, the elderly, pregnant women, etc. can use facilities and facilities safely and conveniently in their daily lives and access information
2008	Barrier-Free Living Environment Certification System	System for evaluating and certifying the planning, design, and construction of designated facilities, such as transportation means and buildings
2008	Ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities(CRPD)	The starting point of establishing a systematic universal design policy
2012	Pedestrian Safety And Convenience Enhancement Act	To expand transportation convenience facilities in transportation means, passenger facilities, and roads for the weak in transportation and to improve the pedestrian environment
2015	Barrier-Free Living Environment Certification System (mandatory)	Obligatory acquisition of BF certification for public buildings and public facilities built by the State and local governments
2016	Act on Promotion of Public Design	Aiming for a design that allows everyone to use the environment safely and comfortably, regardless of age, gender, disability, nationality, etc
2020	Basic Act on Intelligent Informatization	"Guarantees access and use of intelligent information services for the disabled and the elderly," focusing on websites and application software installed on mobile communication terminal devices
2022	Proposed Framework Act on Universal Design	pending at the National Assembly

Among local governments in Korea, Seoul City has been the most active in establishing a universal design system. First, in 2007, the 'Public Design Guidelines' of the Seoul Design Headquarters stipulated the consideration of the transportation vulnerable and the contents of barrier-free design. In 2020, the Seoul Metropolitan Government announced the 'Seoul Universal Design Comprehensive Plan 2020-2024' for the first time as a local government. Under the vision of a 'people-centered city where everyone is respected', the plan consists of a total of four areas: mandatory application of universal design in the public sector, establishment and operation of an organization dedicated to universal design, accumulation of success model development, global social expansion and institutional improvement.

In addition, the Seoul Universal Design Center, which was established in September 2020, is promoting universal design policy implementation research, universal design consulting, and monitoring in the public sector, development of universal design certification indicators, and development and operation of educational content for citizens (Seoul Metropolitan Government, 2020). This has enabled effective universal design applications. For example, universal design projects such as public streets and parks, which are deliberated by the Public Design Promotion Committee, among projects ordered by the Seoul Metropolitan Government and autonomous districts from October 2020, must be consulted by the Seoul Universal Design Center before deliberation by the committee.

The results conducted by prior consulting were deliberated by the Public Design Promotion Committee to strengthen the application of universal design by confirming both the plan and the results. In July 2022, the Seoul Metropolitan Government announced the Guidelines for Applying Universal Design, which advanced the 2017 Universal Design Integration Guidelines. This guideline presents practical and integrated universal design measures required for streets, parks, facilities, buildings, and spaces or facilities used by ordinary citizens (Seoul Universal Design Center, 2022).

Table 3 Timeline of Universal Design Policy in Seoul

Year	Description
2007	Seoul Design Headquarters: Establishing Guidelines for Public Design
2010~2013	Development of Universal Design Guidelines for Welfare Facilities in Seoul
2016	The Seoul Metropolitan Government's Framework Ordinance on the Creation of Universal Design City
2017	Development of the Seoul Universal Design Integration Guidelines
2018	Establishment of the 1st Seoul Universal Design Basic Plan
2020	Establishment of a comprehensive plan for universal design in Seoul
2020	Establishment of Universal Design Center in Seoul
2021	Mandatory Application of Universal Design for Public Buildings and Facilities in Seoul Metropolitan Government
2021	Seoul Smart Seoul App Mobile Accessibility Information Map Service
2022	Guidelines for the Application of Universal Design in Seoul
2022	Pilot Operation of the Universal Design Certification System in Seoul

As discussed above, universal design has developed in Korea, focusing on the enactment of laws for the rights and interests of the disabled, and since then, the concept of universal design has been reflected in laws targeting various users such as the disabled, the elderly, pregnant women, and children, and the development centered on local governments, including Seoul, can be seen as a characteristic.

Policy & Laws by Country (Summary)

Since universal design is value-oriented, it is defined slightly differently depending on the ideological or political and social situation of each country, which affects national policies. The characteristics of universal design by country and related policies were analyzed as follows by dividing them into basic concepts, development background, leading sector, main characteristics, major activation areas, national action plans, major bills, and major non-legal measures.

Country	United States	Korea	United Kingdom	Norway	Japan
background of development	Improved accessibility for people with disabilities	the protection of the rights and interests of persons with disabilities	Product development for all users	government-centered promotion	Entry into a super-aging society
the leading sector	public and private sectors	public service	private sector	public service	public service
Key Features	Leading the development of universal design through the establishment of laws and guidelines based on academic establishment with government support	Developed around the rights and interests of the disabled, local governments lead the development	Developed in close connection with the industry, developed with a focus on aging	Several organizations participated in state-led policy development and were actively reflected in welfare state policies	Development of Super-Aging-oriented and Barrier-Free-oriented Legislation
Key Active Areas	Expanding from the center of the architectural environment to education, transportation, ICT, etc	Development of Architectural Environment and Public Sector	Revitalizing Research in the Private Sector and Academia, such as Industry	Expanded from the center of the architectural environment and public domain to transportation, culture, education, employment, etc	Expanding from building environmental focus to ICT and soft areas
a national action plan	No central government action plan	No central government action plan	No central government action plan	Norway universally designed by 2025	UD 2020 Action Plan
major bill	Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 : ADA	Proposed the Framework Act on Universal Design (2022)	Equality Act 2010	The Anti Discrimination and Accessibility Act, 2008, Planning and Building Act, 2008	Act on Promotion of Facilitation of the Movement of the Elderly or Disabled (Barrier Free New Act, 2006)
major non-legal means	Supporting the Government's 7 Principles of Universal Design and ANSI A1171.1 Research Support at the Universal Design Center of North Carolina State University	Establishment of Universal Design Guidelines and holding seminars and contests related to Universal Design	Government research on Inclusive Design, support for aging research, and support for industry-government-academia cooperation projects	Government funding for the establishment of Universal Design Guidelines	Establishment of Universal Design Guidelines for Local Governments and Planning Based on Local Governments

As shown in <Table>, universal design policies also show different development patterns depending on the socio-cultural or political characteristics of each country.

The United States has developed mainly in architecture and space based on the rights and interests of the disabled, and the United Kingdom has developed with active government support for research in related fields in the private sector, focusing on research on the elderly. In the case of Japan, the accessibility-oriented barrier-free policy has been in progress for a relatively long time, but research on aging has also been conducted relatively early as it is the first country to enter an ultra-aging society. In addition, in the case of the United States, the main characteristics are that it developed around regulations based on the central government's legislation, and that high-quality universal design-related research results were reflected in the policy through government research support in the early days of universal design. Korea has a characteristic that local governments have actively moved and developed around the public domain. In the UK, barrier-free developed relatively late, but the concept of design that considers various users has developed, focusing on research from industry and academia, and research has been steadily conducted centering on the elderly. In addition, Norway has a structure in which local governments, industries, and related interest groups cooperate with each other, focusing on a strong government action plan. In the case of Japan, universal design showed a pattern of development by actively encouraging the participation of the central government, local governments, and citizens.

In terms of policy measures, the U.S., the U.K., and Korea do not have a central government-centered long-term action plan, but in Norway, the central government promoted long-term action plans such as the Universal Design Action Plan 2025. In 2005, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport established a system led by the government to encourage the participation of local governments, companies, and citizens. There are various laws targeting specific user groups and specific areas by country, but major legal regulations are the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, ADA, the U.K. the Equality Act 2010, Norway the Anti-Discrimination and Accessibility Act and the Planning and Building Act, and Japan regulates matters related to Universal Design based on the Act on Promotion of Facilitation in the Movement of the Elderly and the Disabled.

Non-legal means may include producing guidelines and supporting related research. The development of universal design in the United States was greatly influenced by the study of the 7 principles of universal design at the University of North Carolina Universal Design Center and the ANSI A1171.1 study at the University of Illinois.

Global environmental changes and major issues related to universal design

UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and WHO's Change in Disability Concepts

Looking at the recent policy trends related to universal design in each country, it seeks to jointly respond to common issues facing the international community and region, respond to major global agendas such as the United Nations Convention, and try to derive appropriate strategies for this. Specifically, this is as follows.

In December 2006, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), which guaranteed the rights of the disabled, which greatly affected the universal design paradigm around the world. The Convention urges countries to establish appropriate measures to make the disabled accessible to the physical environment, transportation, information, communication, and various areas and services, and it became the starting point for countries that ratified the Convention to establish a systematic universal design policy to realize this. In particular, Norway stipulates that it intends to implement the main matters of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities through an action plan in Norway's Universal Design Action Plan 2025.

In addition, the WHO's proposed change in the concept of disability (World Health Organization, 2001) affected the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Universal Design Policy, which states that "disability is a gradually changing concept, and disability results from interactions between people with disabilities and attitudes and environmental barriers that hinder them from participating in society equally with others" (UN, 2006).

Super-Aging Population and Sustainability

At the Second World Assembly on Aging 2002, the World Health Organization (WHO, 2002) defined active ageing as " the process of optimising opportunities for health, participation, and security in order to enhance quality of life as people age," and the paradigm of elderly policy changed from the existing employment-oriented strategy to active participation in society as a whole. The United Nations 'Madrid International Plan of Action on Aging (MIPAA)' announced in 2002 set three goals: development of the elderly and development, improvement of the health and well-being of the elderly, and a possible and supportive environment to cope with the aging population (Sidorenko & Walker, 2004).

Against this backdrop, directly related to super-aging, according to the United Nations Decade of Health Ageing 2020-2030, the number of people aged 60 and older worldwide will increase by 56% from 962 million to 1.4 billion as of 2017, and the number of senior citizens in the global population is expected to more than double to 2.1 billion by 2050. Super-aged countries are countries where one in five is 65 years of age or older, and Japan and Germany are already super-aged societies. The U.S., the U.K., France, and Singapore will all be super-aged in the 2030s, and Korea is expected to enter a super-aged society in 2024. Accordingly, the working-age population worldwide will decrease by 10% by 2060 and the sharpest decline by more than 35% in Greece, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland (Jones, 2020). Countries around the world are at an important point in preparing for super-aging, and they need innovation in society as a whole, which is different from the past when Universal Design established a universal design strategy that considers the elderly as one of various user groups.

Another major global environmental change is sustainable development. The importance of sustainable development was re-emphasized with the Rio+20 in 2012 after the U.N. Environment Programme's World Environmental Development Committee (WCED) promoted the concept of sustainable development through its "Our Common Future" report.

Since then, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that will follow the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were set in September 2015, and several countries are working on this goal by 2030. The important point to consider in creating indicators for the achievement of SDGs was that "no one will be left out," and these core values of SDGs are in line with social inclusion, a major value pursued by universal design.

Recommendations for the Future Direction of Universal Design Policy

The direction of the policy stance

This study suggests super-aging and sustainability as a new paradigm if it was a paradigm of two major pillars centered on the disabled and aging, which have long had an impact from the past to the present.

The United Nations Population Fund report "Aging in the Twenty-First Century" warned that most developing countries, which are expected to account for 80% of the elderly population in 2050, will face a serious social crisis due to a lack of appropriate measures, and the current trend of universal design policies centered on developed countries should continue to developing countries to respond to future super-aged societies.

Therefore, it is necessary to reflect the universal design vision in response to the super-aging society in various national policies and universal design policies and to prepare policy support measures to revitalize the participation of related research and industry. In order to successfully lead the policy considering the super-aging age, it is necessary to clearly grasp the current status of the elderly, and research on universal design policies in preparation for the super-aging age should be carried out in the long term.

In addition, for universal design policies that take into account social and economic sustainability by country, it is necessary to include a vision of sustainability in the Universal Design National Action Plan or to develop it together by linking national policies related to sustainable development with universal design policies. For example, support for eco-friendly products such as electric vehicles that are easy to use and aesthetically designed for all can be a win-win strategy to reduce carbon emissions and pursue sustainable economic development.

The direction of policy measures

From the perspective of universal design policy, policy measures can be largely divided into national action plans, legal and non-legal measures. First, Norway and Japan are examples of government-centered universal design action plans being promoted. State-centered long-term action plans, such as the Norwegian Universal Design Action Plan 2025, are a good catalyst for effectively implementing universal design. In addition, in the case of the Universal Design Action Plan 2025, a system was established in which various government ministries cooperate with the Ministry of Children, Equality, and Social Integration, centering on the Ministry of Child, Equality, and Social Integration, and a system was established to apply universal design to various areas of society. In addition, establishing a government-led action plan and establishing a framework in which local governments, companies, and citizens participate, as in the case of the outline of universal design policy in Japan, is a necessary process for universal design to truly establish itself in society.

In addition, in terms of legal means, there will be a need to evolve from a law that was previously planned to focus on the rights and interests of the disabled to a law that encompasses the elderly and various user groups. Although the current Universal Design-related laws also reflect the concept of encompassing a variety of user groups, it is true that the policy based on faithful research on various user groups, including the elderly, is insufficient compared to the Universal Design policies related to the disabled. The laws and standards related to Universal Design in the United States developed early on based on the research of Timothy Nugent and Ronald Mays and became a global sample. In this way, in line with the changing paradigm of Universal Design, basic research to link super-aging and sustainability with Universal Design policies should be conducted from a long-term perspective. In addition, with regard to international standards, the number of countries that follow the guidelines of ISO, W3C, and the EU is increasing as globalization, and in the case of the United States, it is showing a trend to meet the European Union's web accessibility guidelines in consideration of expansion into the European market as well as W3C. It is expected that the flow of following international standards established as recommendations and meeting the market requirements of other countries will gradually spread. In addition to enacting laws tailored to the characteristics of each country, efforts to follow guidelines suitable for the global market environment will also be needed.

Lastly, in terms of non-legal means, universal design can be implemented throughout society only when the private sector participates and develops market-oriented along with the establishment of standards and design guidelines related to universal design. Accordingly, it is necessary to participate in and improve awareness of universal design in the private sector such as industry, academia, research institutes, and related institutions.

Government policies such as support programs and incentives that encourage designers and policy-makers to engage in research and development, and encourage companies to participate voluntarily, will be just as important. In order to establish a system to cultivate working-level experts and policy researchers related to universal design that can respond to the changing paradigm of universal design, there is a need to create a new trend as much as the research of Ronald Mays in the United States, the Desgin Age of the Royal College of Arts, and the cooperation research of industry-oriented companies, governments, and academia pursued by the International Universal Design Association of Japan.

Education

The social values pursued by Universal Design are inclusion, equality, accessibility, universality, diversity, social responsibility, and sustainability, which are the same directions as each country, but the process of introducing and developing the system has developed with differentiation in terms of detailed characteristics such as aging and private efforts and public perception.

In particular, universal design is to solve the difference between the current circumstances of each individual's situation and the expected conditions of what situation to be in a desirable direction by identifying the difference. Therefore, the acceptance of individual diversity is the core value and prerequisite of the universal design process.

Understanding and acceptance of diversity in the United States was an essential educational value to be cultivated in American society because it consisted of various values, cultures, people and environments, and it greatly contributed to the development of the system because it matched the values pursued by universal design (Han, Kwon, Ju, 2003).

Acceptance of diversity is defined as an open attitude to understand and accept all aspects of one's own beliefs, beliefs, values, race, and culture (Pascarella, Edison, Nora, Hagedoran, & Terenzini, 1996). In terms of organizational management, diversity acceptance positively affects organizational performance, reduces task and relationship conflicts, and increases organizational commitment among members (Jeong, Baek, Kim, 2015).

Education in the United States emphasizes the necessity and importance of education in accepting diversity. The Association of American Colleges & Universities proclaims diversity as the 'essence of higher education.' In addition, about 60% of educational institutions in the United States include diversity in their curriculum and require students to take at least one diversity course (Hart Research Associations, 2016). The National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE) calls for the value of diversity and inclusion to be included within any program that educates teachers and to be treated with greater emphasis (Melnick & Zeichner, 1995).

On the other hand, in Korea, discussions on diversity and diversity management have not been sufficiently conducted (Im, 2010). In Korea, which belongs to the collectivist culture, individualistic culture that values individual autonomy and uniqueness is common among the younger generation due to the influx and rapid spread of Western culture, but there are still generation-specific cultures and values centered on the inner group.

There are many side effects that have occurred because Korea has focused only on quantitative and economic development over the past few decades. He was only interested in stepping on others and winning the competition, and he was not interested in consideration for others or education on acceptance of diversity. Eventually, education caused conflicts and serious polarization between generations, partisans, and men and women.

The core of universal design is tolerance and recognition of the difference between oneself and others. Trying to understand and recognize oneself and others is an essential attitude to live in a society full of diversity (Chickering & Reisser, 1993). There is a Korean proverb, "Once you plant a grain, you get one, once you plant a tree, you get ten times, and once you plant a person, you get a hundred times over." This means that education for people is a long-term investment and important. Diversity can be the motivation for change and sustainable growth. Only when the public's perception of diversity is positively changed through education will the ultimate goal of Universal Design, an "Environment in which everyone can participate," be realized.

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