강우유출수 자동모니터링 현장실험 결과 보고

강우유출수(월류수) 제어시설의 최적 설계 및 운영에 필요한 실시간 자동모니터링시스템의 현장 실험을 종료하고 향후계획을 보고함

□ 연구개요

❍ 연구배경

- 방류수역의 수질보전을 위한 월류수 제어대책을 수립하기 위해서는 정확한 강우유출수 발생현황 파악이 필요하며 강우유출수 제어시설 설계 및 운영을 위해서는 관련 모니터링이 필수적임

- 그간 시행되어온 CSOs 모니터링 기법은 고비용과 많은 인력과 시간이 요구되는 반면, 다양한 발생특성을 갖는 CSOs의 특성상 요구되는 장기간의 모니터링이 곤란하여 저비용, 장기간, 실시간 측정이 가능한 모니터링 시스템이 요구됨

❍ 연구기간: 2015. 2. ~ 2016. 7. (1년6월)

❍ 연구내용

- 강우시 합류식하수도월류수(CSOs)에 대한 유량/수질 연속 자동
모니터링시스템 실험

- 목표수질인자를 예측할 수 있는 간접수질인자 추출 및 회기분석식 구축

□ 현장실험 추진내용

❍ 강우유출수 모니터링 현장 실험

- 실험기간: 2015. 8. ~ 2016. 7.

- 실험장소: 새말빗물펌프장 유역

- 모니터링 장비 구성

∙ 유량측정: 유량계 2지점

∙ 수질측정: TOC 분석기 1대, 다항목 수질 측정기 1대, 시료채수기 2대

- 실험방법

∙ 강우이벤트 발생동안 유량 및 수질변화 측정

※ 강우이벤트란?

☞ 강우가 개시되면 하수발생유량 및 농도가 급격히 증가하기 시작하여 최고치 이후 점점 감소되다가 일정수준을 유지하는 한 사이클을 이루게 되는데 이 사이클을 강우이벤트라 함

강우 이벤트

채수개시

채수종료

- 수질측정 방법 (실시간 측정 및 기존 수동방법 병행 측정)

∙ 실시간 측정: TOC, 탁도, 전기전도도, DO, ORP, 온도, pH

∙ 간헐적 측정: BOD, COD, SS, T-N, T-P (시료채수 후 lab 실험)

□ 현장실험 추진결과

❍ 청천시 유출하수 모니터링 데이터 분석

- 청천시: 5일, 시료수 60건

- 청천시 기초수질 특성

parameter		Min.	Median	Max.	Mean
목표 수질지표	BOD	65.4	117.9	190.8	118.6
	COD	75.0	186.0	259.0	177.5
	SS	23.0	49.7	122.6	52.4
	TN	15.4	21.6	26.2	21.4
	TP	2.19	2.94	12.10	2.82
간접 수질지표	TOC	36.0	62.8	76.6	61.0
	Electronic Conductivity	589.1	669.1	763.4	673.9
	Turbidity	17.1	48.1	85.7	65.0
	DO	0.13	0.13	0.67	0.19
	pH	7.09	7.28	7.49	7.28
	Temperature	21.7	22.4	23.1	22.4

Date	Load (kg)					EMC (mg/L)
	BOD	COD	SS	TN	TP	BOD	COD	SS	TN	TP
2015.10.19 - 2015.10.20	1,517	2,274	676	206.9	31.2	127.7	191.5	57.0	17.42	2.63
2015.10.20 - 2015.10.21	1,591	2,334	814	220.2	34.2	131.2	192.5	67.1	18.16	2.82
2015.10.21 - 2015.10.22	1,334	2,124	603	248.1	34.6	107.4	171.1	48.6	19.99	2.79
2015.10.22 - 2015.10.23	1,418	2,144	473	275.8	33.7	117.4	177.6	39.2	22.84	2.79
2015.10.23 - 2015.10.24	1,387	2,121	571	264.6	30.3	120.8	184.6	49.7	23.03	2.64
Mean	1,449	2,200	628	243.1	32.8	120.9	183.5	52.3	20.29	2.73

-BOD-

-COD-

-SS-

-TN-

-TP-

-TOC-

-Conductivity-

-Turbidity-

-Temperature-

-pH-

❍ 강우시 유출하수 모니터링 데이터 분석

- 가을철: 4건, 봄철 5건, 시료수 301개

Site	Date	ADD (day)	Rainfall (mm)	Fainfall Duration (hr)	Intensity (mm/hr)
새말빗물 펌프장	2015-11-06	8	8.5	9	0.94
	2015-11-13	4	29	21	1.38
	2015-11-22	4	14.5	11.5	1.26
	2015-12-02	2.5	13	6.5	2
	2016-03-05	5	6	0.67	9
	2016-04-16	2.5	25.5	6	1.75
	2016-05-02	10	23.5	7.67	3.06
	2016-05-15	4	27.5	3	9.17
	2016-05-24	7	16.5

- 강우시 기초 수질특성

Date	Flow (m³)	Load (kg)					EMC (mg/L)
		BOD	COD	SS	TN	TP	BOD	COD	SS	TN	TP
2015-11-06	7,860	1,022	1,158	805	150.6	-	130.0	147.3	102.4	19.16	-
2015-11-13	9,695	1,112	1,520	894	126.1	12.6	114.7	156.8	92.2	13.01	1.30
2015-11-22	9,497	1,000	1,422	1,365	202.4	16.1	105.3	149.8	143.7	21.31	1.70
2015-12-02	11,677	1,940	2,334	1,845	227.6	18.0	166.1	199.8	158.0	19.50	1.54
2016-03-05	3,133	730	1,255	1,211	60.2	8.2	233.0	400.6	386.4	19.22	2.61
2016-04-16	13,444	2,171	3,558	3,996	205.3	19.8	161.5	264.7	297.2	15.27	1.47
2016-05-02	2,182	275	456	403	31.4	3.0	126.1	208.8	184.8	14.37	1.35
2016-05-15	16,313	1,540	2,720	3,093	132.5	15.9	94.4	166.8	189.6	8.12	0.98
2016-05-24	9,227	644	1,397	1,015	90.9	11.7	69.8	151.4	110.0	9.85	1.27
Mean	9,225	1,159	1,758	1,625	136.3	13.2	133.4	205.1	184.9	15.53	1.53

Date		BOD (mg/L)	COD (mg/L)	SS (mg/L)	TN (mg/L)	TP (mg/L)
2015-11-06	Min.	48.3	32.0	17.7	11.3
	Median	107.5	134.5	79.8	19.0
	Max.	363.0	452.0	521.0	22.5
	Mean	121.4	134.5	79.8	18.0
2015-11-13	Min.	63.0	84.0	31.7	6.5	0.71
	Median	278.6	388.9	193.1	30.5	3.08
	Max.	275.5	460.0	323.0	40.0	3.17
	Mean	135.2	186.9	104.1	16.9	1.63
2015-11-22	Min.	38.1	45.0	31.3	8.7	0.91
	Median	90.6	110.0	139.3	20.6	1.64
	Max.	423.5	786.0	483.7	60.0	4.31
	Mean	119.2	173.0	151.1	24.9	1.87
2015-12-02	Min.	81.0	104.0	41.3	12.0	0.92
	Median	187.8	156.0	105.3	21.6	1.65
	Max.	399.0	598.0	469.0	45.1	4.56
	Mean	187.9	228.0	169.8	23.5	1.91
2016-03-05	Min.	55.8	76	35.2	10.55	1.14
	Median	94.5	125	105	21.65	1.58
	Max.	546.6	1082	865	42.2	6.87
	Mean	166.1	281.2	241.9	21.34	2.31
2016-04-16	Min.	24.6	33.0	25.2	8.10	0.68
	Median	87.6	114.0	106.0	18.55	1.78
	Max.	422.0	773.0	771.0	40.40	4.76
	Mean	145.5	239.0	231.0	19.18	1.94
2016-05-02	Min.	28.8	43.0	23.8	8.10	0.68
	Median	68.0	113.0	87.5	18.70	1.87
	Max.	428.0	844.0	848.0	40.40	4.76
	Mean	124.7	199.7	138.0	19.23	1.95
2016-05-15	Min.	30.6	43.0	22.7	5.54	0.47
	Median	42.8	61.0	37.2	7.87	0.69
	Max.	379.0	677.0	584.0	21.50	3.88
	Mean	73.9	123.7	115.0	8.96	0.94
2016-05-24	Min.	18.3	38.0	22.3	4.07	0.52
	Median	30.3	72.0	45.0	10.55	1.29
	Max.	332.0	679.0	517.0	37.10	3.83
	Mean	63.0	130.0	80.3	14.25	1.63

Date		TOC	Electronic Conductivity	Turbidity	DO	pH	Temperature
		(mg/L)	(μS/cm)	(NTU)	(mg/L)		(℃)
2015-11-06	Min.	18.8	309.7	17.7	0.30	6.97	16.8
	Median	36.6	544.8	46.3	1.58	7.27	17.8
	Max.	95.6	806.1	239.4	4.11	7.43	19.6
	Mean	43.8	530.5	65.0	1.88	7.25	18.1
2015-11-13	Min.	19.7	259.2	35.1	0.56	6.79	15.5
	Median	35.0	354.3	56.7	1.31	7.40	16.4
	Max.	133.0	714.8	317.4	4.03	7.53	19.2
	Mean	49.6	425.4	115.1	1.92	7.39	16.9
2015-11-22	Min.	12.2	238.1	18.4	0.19	7.15	14.1
	Median	28.7	388.3	26.2	2.26	7.45	15.7
	Max.	153.0	720.0	341.6	3.98	7.47	18.9
	Mean	42.6	432.8	97.4	1.81	7.32	16.2
2015-12-02	Min.	26.7	265.2	25.1	1.12	7.35	11.6
	Median	37.7	382.4	56.0	4.6	7.45	13.1
	Max.	120.0	716.5	181.4	6.26	7.97	15.9
	Mean	47.6	411.3	76.2	4.34	7.53	13.2
2016-03-05	Min.	11.2	356.4	19.7	2.90	7.07	9.8
	Median	31.9	607.0	44.0	5.27	7.46	11.4
	Max.	178.0	669.9	394.8	6.72	7.79	12.9
	Mean	47.7	555.5	91.8	5.27	7.47	11.3
2016-04-16	Min.	12.1	161.6	18.0	0.28	6.79	14.3
	Median	35.6	258.7	53.7	4.67	6.98	15.7
	Max.	180.0	766.5	253.4	5.88	7.14	17.8
	Mean	54.6	305.8	79.4	4.25	6.98	15.9
2016-05-02	Min.	9.6	177.5	15.9	0.03	6.94	18.3
	Median	27.0	306.7	44.1	3.23	7.09	19.1
	Max.	113.0	753.3	272.9	4.84	7.32	20.1
	Mean	47.7	384.1	73.3	2.82	7.09	19.1
2016-05-15	Min.	15.3	153.4	16.8	0.00	6.88	17.9
	Median	26.0	273.0	30.7	3.82	7.18	18.7
	Max.	106.0	741.2	315.3	5.23	7.38	20.4
	Mean	40.7	347.5	52.6	3.20	7.15	19.0
2016-05-24	Min.	7.8	163.3	23.1	0.00	6.92	19.5
	Median	12.1	265.8	32.2	2.65	7.11	19.9
	Max.	154.5	738.5	223.0	4.48	7.30	21.3
	Mean	29.5	334.5	47.3	2.42	7.10	20.1

- 상관성 분석

	BOD	COD	SS	TN	TP	Flow	TOC	EC	Tur.	DO	pH	Temp.
BOD	1
COD	0.942	1
SS	0.838	0.908	1
TN	0.547	0.482	0.275	1
TP	0.629	0.639	0.415	0.855	1
Flow	-0.185	-0.077	0.135	-0.486	-0.497	1
TOC	0.903	0.902	0.763	0.567	0.665	-0.184	1
EC	0.441	0.347	0.084	0.740	0.778	-0.688	0.530	1
Tur.	0.607	0.621	0.650	0.127	0.182	-0.068	0.538	0.022	1
DO	-0.351	-0.339	-0.126	-0.467	-0.535	0.529	-0.468	-0.698	-0.280	1
pH	-0.013	-0.130	-0.237	0.190	-0.091	-0.535	-0.098	0.374	-0.148	-0.111	1
Temp.	-0.087	0.005	-0.103	0.030	0.296	0.099	0.071	0.172	-0.101	-0.545	-0.429	1

- 주성분 분석

․ BOD

Table. Eigen values and culmulative percentage of factors. (BOD)

Component	Initial eigen values			Extraction sums of squared loadings
	Total	Variance(%)	Cumulative(%)	Total	Variance(%)	Cumulative(%)
1	3.208	53.465	53.465	3.208	53.465	53.465
2	1.605	26.745	80.210	1.605	26.745	80.21
3	0.563	9.387	89.597
4	0.399	6.653	96.250
5	0.151	2.518	98.768
6	0.074	1.232	100

Table . Rotated component matrix factor anlysis. (BOD)

Parameter	Component
	1	2
BOD	0.898	-0.259
Flow	0.084	0.878
TOC	0.867	-0.347
Electronic Conductivity	0.216	-0.91
Turbidity	0.844	0.112
DO	-0.314	0.769

․ COD

Table. Eigen values and culmulative percentage of factors. (COD)

Component	Initial eigen values			Extraction sums of squared loadings
	Total	Variance(%)	Cumulative(%)	Total	Variance(%)	Cumulative(%)
1	3.140	52.327	52.327	3.140	52.327	52.327
2	1.684	28.066	80.393	1.684	28.066	80.393
3	0.553	9.212	89.604
4	0.385	6.416	96.020
5	0.168	2.804	98.824
6	0.071	1.176	100

Table. Rotated component matrix factor anlysis. (COD)

Parameter	Component
	1	2
COD	0.923	-0.178
Flow	0.111	0.877
TOC	0.866	-0.358
Electronic Conductivity	0.194	-0.913
Turbidity	0.833	0.09
DO	-0.319	0.779

․ SS

Table. Eigen values and culmulative percentage of factors. (SS)

Component	Initial eigen values			Extraction sums of squared loadings
	Total	Variance(%)	Cumulative(%)	Total	Variance(%)	Cumulative(%)
1	2.869	47.813	47.813	2.869	47.813	47.813
2	1.916	31.931	79.744	1.916	31.931	79.744
3	0.537	8.945	88.689
4	0.393	6.547	95.235
5	0.184	3.061	98.297
6	0.102	1.703	100

Table. Rotated component matrix factor anlysis. (SS)

Parameter	Component
	1	2
SS	0.046	0.930
Flow	0.859	0.162
TOC	-0.417	0.825
Electronic Conductivity	-0.923	0.121
Turbidity	0.010	0.839
DO	0.814	-0.258

․ TN

Table. Eigen values and culmulative percentage of factors. (TN)

Component	Initial eigen values			Extraction sums of squared loadings
	Total	Variance(%)	Cumulative(%)	Total	Variance(%)	Cumulative(%)
1	3.242	54.04	54.040	3.242	54.040	54.040
2	1.355	22.587	76.627	1.355	22.587	76.627
3	0.623	10.391	87.018
4	0.385	6.425	93.442
5	0.264	4.393	97.836
6	0.130	2.164	100

Table. Rotated component matrix factor anlysis (TN)

Parameter	Component
	1	2
TN	0.777	0.266
Flow	-0.841	0.169
TOC	0.439	0.781
Electronic Conductivity	0.939	0.126
Turbidity	-0.073	0.913
DO	-0.732	-0.337

․ TP

Table. Eigen values and culmulative percentage of factors. (TP)

Component	Initial eigen values			Extraction sums of squared loadings
	Total	Variance(%)	Cumulative(%)	Total	Variance(%)	Cumulative(%)
1	3.408	56.805	56.805	3.408	56.805	56.805
2	1.271	21.184	77.989	1.271	21.184	77.989
3	0.603	10.044	88.033
4	0.374	6.235	94.268
5	0.204	3.399	97.666
6	0.140	2.334	100

Table. Rotated component matrix factor anlysis. (TP)

Parameter	Component
	1	2
TP	0.796	0.326
Flow	-0.847	0.145
TOC	0.464	0.768
Electronic Conductivity	0.928	0.181
Turbidity	-0.052	0.918
DO	-0.687	-0.431

- 회귀분석

Table. Results of the regression model analysis

목표 수질항목	Model	Regression Model	r	R2	F-value	p-value
BOD	1	BOD= TOC*2.41 - 9.446	0.903	0.815	1326.9	0.000
	2	BOD= Turbidity*0.72 + 64.759	0.607	0.367	174.8	0.000
	3	BOD= TOC*2.17 – Turbidity*0.20 - 4.236	0.915	0.836	763.8	0.000
COD	1	COD= TOC*4.26 - 22.260	0.902	0.814	1311.9	0.000
	2	COD= Turbidity*1.30 + 72.767	0.621	0.384	188.2	0.000
	3	COD= TOC*3.77 + Turbidity*0.40 - 32.569	0.917	0.839	784.2	0.000
SS	1	SS= TOC*3.31 – 24.036	0.763	0.581	417.3	0.000
	2	SS= Turbidity*1.25 + 29.798	0.650	0.420	218.4	0.000
	3	SS= TOC*2.53 + Turbidity*0.65 – 40.711	0.814	0.661	293.0	0.000
TN	1	TN= EC*0.04 + 1.635	0.740	0.545	359.8	0.000
	2	TN= TOC*0.16 + 11.261	0.567	0.319	141.1	0.000
	3	TN= EC*0.05 + DO*0.52 – 1.357	0.743	0.549	185.6	0.000
	4	TN= EC*0.03 + DO*0.80 + TOC*0.08 – 3.319	0.775	0.596	148.3	0.000
TP	1	TP= EC*0.004 + 0.048	0.779	0.605	386.2	0.000
	2	TP= TOC*0.02+ 0.923	0.665	0.440	198.8	0.000
	3	TP= EC*0.005 - DO*0.01 + Flow*0.188 - 0.089	0.780	0,611	129.0	0.000
	4	TP= EC*0.004 + DO*0.03 + TOC*0.009 – 0.146	0.823	0.673	174.1	0.000

- 회귀모델을 이용한 수질 예측 오차율

Table. BOD load prediction and error rate

	오염부하량 (kg)				오차율 (%)
	실측	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Event 1	1,021.6	1,067.6	1,055.3	1,061.2	4.5	3.3	3.9
Event 2	1,111.6	1,209.7	1,444.0	1,258.7	8.8	29.9	13.2
Event 3	1,000.4	1,005.4	1,339.3	1,039.7	0.5	33.9	3.9
Event 4	1,941.4	1,535.6	1,547.6	1,522.6	20.9	20.3	21.6
Event 5	729.9	498.4	617.4	550.5	31.7	15.4	24.6
Event 6	2,170.7	2,439.5	2,064.9	2,470.9	12.4	4.9	13.8
Event 7	20,746.7	18,768.6	21,574.6	19,362.6	9.5	4.0	6.7
Event 8	1,540.1	1,702.0	2,160.9	1,783.3	10.5	40.3	15.8
Event 9	644.2	845.5	1,011.0	836.7	31.2	56.9	29.9
Mean	3,434.1	3,230.3	3,646.1	3,320.7	14.4	23.2	14.8

Table 47. COD  load prediction and error rate

	오염부하량 (kg)				오차율 (%)
	실측	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Event 1	1,158.0	1,378.9	1,354.1	1,364.0	19.1	16.9	17.8
Event 2	1,520.0	1,517.7	1,941.7	1,631.6	0.2	27.7	7.3
Event 3	1,422.4	1,177.7	1,758.3	1,258.1	17.2	23.6	11.6
Event 4	2,358.1	1,961.9	1,973.3	1,931.6	16.8	16.3	18.1
Event 5	1,255.0	758.6	978.1	862.6	39.6	22.1	31.3
Event 6	3,558.0	3,787.3	3,139.2	3,847.4	6.4	11.8	8.1
Event 7	34,225.5	26,989.1	31,995.2	28,165.0	21.1	6.5	17.7
Event 8	27,711.1	26,990.7	41,064.0	27,398.7	2.6	48.2	1.1
Event 9	20,057.3	13,724.8	28,186.7	13,025.2	31.6	40.5	35.1
Mean	10,362.8	8,698.5	12,487.8	8,831.6	17.2	23.7	16.5

Table. SS load prediction and error rate

	오염부하량 (kg)				오차율 (%)
	실측	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Event 1	804.6	929.7	913.5	912.8	15.5	13.5	13.4
Event 2	893.6	1,042.7	1,352.1	1,172.5	16.7	51.3	31.2
Event 3	1,364.9	825.0	1,206.6	914.5	39.6	11.6	33.0
Event 4	1,922.6	1,402.8	1,346.6	1,358.6	27.0	30.0	29.3
Event 5	1,210.6	665.9	1,391.3	1,245.3	45.0	14.9	2.9
Event 6	3,995.8	3,339.7	3,803.9	3,835.6	16.4	4.8	4.0
Event 7	30,836.2	23,500.2	34,575.3	31,968.4	23.8	12.1	3.7
Event 8	3,448.7	2,191.9	3,350.7	3,137.2	36.4	2.8	9.0
Event 9	1,014.7	820.0	993.8	791.1	19.2	2.1	22.0
Mean	5054.6	3857.5	5437.1	5037.3	26.6	15.9	16.5

Table. TN load prediction and error rate

	오염부하량 (kg)					오차율 (%)
	실측	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
Event 1	175.2	173.8	165.1	175.4	173.2	0.8	5.8	0.1	1.1
Event 2	126.1	154.3	195.6	149.0	155.1	22.4	55.1	18.2	23.0
Event 3	202.4	170.6	172.8	165.8	158.0	15.7	14.6	18.1	21.9
Event 4	228.0	196.0	240.5	214.8	238.2	14.0	5.5	5.8	4.5
Event 5	60.2	65.9	58.5	67.5	69.3	9.5	2.9	12.1	15.1
Event 6	205.3	196.3	267.3	197.0	209.2	4.4	30.2	4.1	1.9
Event 7	224.7	216.6	260.8	215.9	218.6	3.6	16.1	3.9	2.7
Event 8	145.6	187.8	263.3	186.9	191.5	29.0	80.8	28.4	31.5
Event 9	90.9	104.5	123.9	102.8	101.6	14.9	36.2	13.1	11.8
Mean	162.0	162.9	194.2	163.9	168.3	12.7	27.5	11.5	12.6

Table 50. TP load prediction and error rate

	오염부하량 (kg)					오차율 (%)
	실측	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
Event 1
Event 2	12.61	16.27	18.61	18.45	19.05	11.5	11.4	42.7	11.6
Event 3	16.13	15.40	14.84	15.08	18.41	4.6	8.0	6.7	10.7
Event 4	18.08	17.42	20.64	18.19	18.56	2.2	17.0	1.9	4.9
Event 5	8.17	6.45	6.36	6.41	6.96	21.1	22.1	21.5	14.8
Event 6	19.76	18.84	29.54	19.29	23.08	4.7	49.5	2.4	16.8
Event 7	21.16	20.69	27.43	21.71	22.05	2.2	29.6	2.6	4.2
Event 8	18.29	17.72	27.53	19.73	20.49	3.1	50.6	7.9	12.1
Event 9	11.33	10.91	14.14	11.09	10.81	3.7	24.7	2.1	4.6
Mean	15.69	15.46	19.89	16.24	17.43	6.6	26.6	11.0	10.0

□ 기타사항

❍ 현장실험장비 철거(2016.8.12. 별첨참고)

❍ 강우유출수 모니터링 장비 활용방안

장비명	모델명	수량	활용방안
시료채수기	US/SiGMA 900	1	하수처리 pilot plant 시료채수 활용
	ISCO 2970	1	by-pass시 소독약품 투입 등 현장실험시 활용
다항목 수질측정기	EXO2/YSI	1	산기관 성능 평가를 위한 실험 활용
유량계	Flo-tote3(전자식)	1	하수관련 연구과제 및 현장 유량 측정시 수시 활용
	Flo-Dar(레이더식)	2

□ 향후계획

❍ ‘강우유출수 자동모니터링 연구’ 최종결과보고 (~2016. 9.)

[별첨 1]

실험장비 설치(2015. 8.)

실험장비 철거(2016. 8.)